IPCC WG3 AR5: Levelized Cost and Lifecycle Emission Intensity of Currently Commercially Available Power-Generating Technologies

Details of the Working Group III portion of the IPCC AR5 were officially released yesterday (Last Monday, only the Summary for Policymakers was posted at the IPCC websites.). The IPCC's take of calculating costs (levelized) and emissions (lifecycle) of power generating technologies was included in the report.
In the following figure, the IPCC WGIII differentiated the LCOE of each power-generating technology according to high and low full load hours (FLH). FLH is the number of hours that a power plant runs at its full capacity and is generally calculated on a per-year basis. A power plant's FLH can be converted into its capacity factor, too. For example, the capacity factor of a 5000-FLH power plant is 57.1% (5000/(24*365)).
Within the same technology, the LCOE of the power plants with high FLH operating conditions is lower than that of those power plants with low FLH conditions.


Note: Specific numbers for the figure are provided at Annex III (Section A.III.2) of the report.
Source: IPCC WG3 AR5 at http://mitigation2014.org/

IPCC WG3 AR5: Total Annual Anthropogenic GHG Emissions by Groups of Gases 1970-2010

The Working Group III contribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report (Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change) is now released.
The following figure is very important because it gives the most authoritative time-series information about gas-by-gas global greenhouse gas emissions. Other  global emissions estimates (by GCP, IEA, BP, EDGAR, & US EIA) are limited to CO₂. CO₂ is, although it accounted for 76% (65% from combustion + 11% from land use) of the total GHG emissions in 2010, just one of seven UN-designated greenhouse gas groups (CO₂, N₂O, CH₄, HFCs, PFCs, SF₆, & NF₃).
When I get the actual (detailed) numbers for the graph, I'll update this post.

Figure. Total Annual Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Groups of Gases 1970-2010


Notes:
CO₂ FOLU = CO₂ emissions from Forestry and Other Land Use
F-gases = Fluorinated gases covered under the Kyoto Protocol
At the right side of the figure: Emissions of each greenhouse gas with associated error bars (90% confidence interval)

Source: IPCC WG3 AR5 at http://mitigation2014.org/

19 Focus Areas of UN's Sustainable Development Goals for Post-2015 (Post-MDG) Development Agenda

Apparently, the United Nations updated the "Universal Goals and National Targets for the UN's Post-2015 (Post-MDG) Development Agenda." The Universal Goals and National Targets, the center of the Post-2015 Development Agenda, will be finalized as "Sustainable Development Goals" (SDGs).
"Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals," commissioned with drafting proposal SDGs, is now considering 19 focus areas. Each focus area has several goals and targets as summarized below (in total, about 140 of those).
Please remember that the list is never final. The UN is crowd-sourcing SDGs using inputs from all over the world at http://www.sdgseinventory.org/. Anyone can submit proposals at the website.

19 Focus Areas of Sustainable Development Goals

1 Poverty Eradication

·         Access to property and productive assets, finance and markets for all women and men

·         Eradicating absolute poverty

·         Providing social protection to reduce vulnerabilities of the poor, including children, youth, unemployed, persons with disabilities, indigenous people and local communities and older persons

2 Food Security and Nutrition

·         Boosting agricultural productivity, including through adequate irrigation, seeds and fertilisers, while in parallel halting and reversing land degradation and desertification

·         Eliminating all forms of harmful agricultural subsidies

·         Ensuring year-round access by all to affordable, adequate, safe and nutritious food

·         Improved access to credit and other financial services, land tenure, and agricultural extension services, for all, including smallholders, women, indigenous and local communities

·         Promoting indigenous and sustainable farming practices

·         Strengthening resilience of farming systems and food supplies to climate change

3 Health and population dynamics

·         Access to sexual and reproductive health

·         Addressing non-communicable diseases (NCDs)

·         Elimination of preventable child and maternal death;

·         Ensuring year-round access by all to affordable, adequate, safe and nutritious food

·         Preventing and treating communicable diseases, including malaria, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and neglected tropical diseases

·         Promoting healthy diets and lifestyles, addressing non-communicable diseases, tackling environmental causes of disease, such as exposure to harmful pollutants and substances

·         Strengthening health systems, dissemination of medical and public health knowledge and modern technologies

·         Universal health coverage

4 Education

·         Achieve high completion rates at all levels of education

·         Ensure equitable access to education at all levels with focus on the most marginalized

·         Ensuring effective learning outcomes at all levels and imparting knowledge and skills that match the demands of the labour market, including through vocational training

·         Ensuring equitable access to education at all levels with focus on the most marginalized

·         Extending where needed opportunities for early childhood education

·         Improving access to education for persons with disabilities

·         Integrating sustainable development in education curricula, including awareness raising on how diverse cultures advance sustainable development

·         Universal adult literacy

·         Universal primary education for girls and boys, significant progress towards ensuring that every child receives at least a secondary education, and lifelong learning opportunities

5 Gender equality and women's empowerment

·         Ending all forms of discrimination against women of all ages

·         Ending violence against girls and women in all its forms

·         Ensuring equal access to education at all levels

·         Ensuring equal employment opportunities for women and equal pay for equal work

·         Ensuring equal participation of women in decision-making

·         Equal access to assets and resources

·         Promoting gender equality policies supported by gender disaggregated data

·         Sexual and reproductive health

6 Water and sanitation

·         Bringing fresh water use in line with supply

·         Eliminating the pollution of and dumping of toxic materials in water bodies, and protecting aquifers

·         Enhancing effective water governance including catchment area based integrated water resources management and appropriate trans-boundary co-operation

·         Extending wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse

·         Improving water-use efficiency

·         Protecting and restoring water-linked ecosystems like mountains, watersheds and wetlands

·         Providing adequate facilities and infrastructure, both built and natural, for safe drinking water and sanitation systems in rural and urban areas, including for bulk conveyance and storage of freshwater in rivers, lakes, reservoirs, canals and aquifers

·         Reducing risks and impacts of water-related disasters

7 Energy

·         Enhance capacities in energy production, trade and distribution with the aim of ensuring access to energy for all by 2030

·         Ensuring universal access, for both women and men, to modern energy services

8 Economic growth

·         Conducive regulatory and fiscal systems, including improved design and administration of taxation systems

·         Creating productive, well-paid jobs

·         Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory international trading system

·         Encouraging structural transformation towards higher productivity sectors and activities

·         Facilitating international technology cooperation and technology transfer

·         Improvements to energy and resource productivity of economic activities

·         Promoting an open, rules based, non-discriminatory and equitable multilateral trading system; promoting trade facilitation and preferential market access for LDCs

·         Promoting an open, rules-based, non-discriminatory and equitable multilateral trading system

·         Promoting trade facilitation and preferential market access for LDCs

·         Technological upgrading and value addition

9 Industrialization

·         Creation of decent industrial sector jobs

·         Encouraging industrial entrepreneurship and enterprise formation

·         Enhanced science and math, engineering and technical skills

·         Ensuring adequate policy space for industrial development

·         Ensuring adequate policy space for industrial development; Ensuring favorable market access for industrial products and processed commodities of developing countries;

·         Ensuring favourable market access for industrial products and processed commodities of developing countries

·         Investment in sound infrastructure

·         Promoting new industries that supply goods and services for low-income consumers as well as environmentally sustainable products and services

·         Re-industrialization as relevant

·         Strengthening institutions that support industrial production, technological upgrading and value addition

·         Sustainable industrial development based on energy- and resource-efficient and environmentally sound industrial processes, including phase out of harmful chemicals, waste and pollution, and minimizing material use and maximizing material recovery in industry with technology cooperation and transfer to support such development

10 Infrastructure

·         Accessibility to persons with disabilities

·         Addressing trans-border infrastructure needs for trade and related challenges facing developing countries

·         Due account for environmental and social impacts of existing and planned infrastructure from a lifecycle perspective

·         Provision of infrastructure for access to modern energy services, as well as provision of reliable transport and communications, including road and rail links, ports and ICT connectivity

·         Provision of technical and financial support for adequate operation and maintenance of infrastructure

11 Employment and decent work for all

·         Addressing youth unemployment

·         Decent wages aligned with productivity

·         Eliminating gender-based and other forms of labour market discrimination including against persons with disabilities and older persons

·         Encouraging transition from informal sector to formal sector employment

·         Facilitating the participation of women in the labour force

·         Increasing access to credit to the youth, women and other vulnerable groups

·         Promoting full employment through macroeconomic policy

·         Promoting full employment through macroeconomic policy;

·         Protecting the rights of migrant workers in compliance with the ILO norms and standards

·         Social security for those retired from the labour force, persons with disabilities and older persons

·         Supporting small- and medium-sized enterprises

·         Training and re-skilling for displaced workers

12 Promoting equality

·         Eliminate stigma and discrimination against people living with and affected by HIV

·         Eliminating discrimination in laws, policies and practices

·         Empowering and inclusion of marginalized groups, including indigenous peoples, minorities, migrants, refugees, persons with disabilities, older persons, children and youth

·         End preventable child deaths

·         Ensuring equality of economic opportunities for all, including marginalized groups

·         Promoting differentially high per capita income growth at the bottom of the income distribution

·         Reducing inequalities between social groups, including economic, social, political and environmental inequalities

·         Strengthening social protection systems

13 Sustainable cities and human settlements

·         Access to safe public space and services

·         Enhancing capacities for urban planning

·         Enhancing social cohesion and personal security and promoting accessible cities for people with disabilities

·         Improving the lives of those living in slums, including by provision of adequate and affordable housing, infrastructure and basic services

·         Improving waste and wastewater management

·         Providing access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport, improving road safety and urban air quality

·         Strengthening positive economic and social links between cities and peri-urban and rural areas

·         Strengthening resilience to natural disasters

14 Sustainable consumption and production

·         Improvements in energy efficiency and materials productivity, with differentiated but progressively converging levels of ambition for developed and developing countries

·         Preventing, reducing, recycling and reusing waste

·         Reducing waste in food production and consumption

·         Sound management of chemicals and hazardous materials in accordance with agreed frameworks

15 Climate

·         Building resilience and adaptive capacity in all countries

·         Providing effective means of implementation

·         Reaffirming and reinforcing international commitments, such as limiting the increase in global average temperature through equitable reductions in greenhouse gas emissions

16 Marine resources, oceans and seas

·         Addressing illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing, and destructive fishing practices

·         Appropriate means of implementation

·         Eliminating harmful subsidies

·         Ensuring full implementation of regional and international regimes governing oceans and seas, and establishing Marine Protected Areas

·         Halting destruction of marine habitat including ocean acidification

·         Halting destruction of marine habitat including ocean acidification

·         Promoting sustainable exploitation of marine resources

·         Protecting marine resources in areas beyond national jurisdiction

·         Reducing marine pollution and debris including from land-based activities

·         Regulating harvesting of straddling fish stocks

17 Ecosystems and biodiversity

·         Promoting sustainable forest management

·         Protecting threatened species and halting loss of biodiversity

18 Means of implementation

·         Enhancing accountability in development cooperation based on agreed principles

·         Enhancing scientific and technological cooperation and technology transfer

·         Further progress on development-supportive trade reforms within an open, rules-based multilateral trading system

·         Mobilizing additional financial resources from multiple sources such as remittances, foreign direct investment, institutional and other long-term investors and innovative financing

·         Recommitment by developed countries to meet ODA targets on an agreed timetable

·         Strengthening capacity building efforts for developing countries and knowledge sharing and technical cooperation among all countries through South-South, North-South cooperation, triangular cooperation

·         To provide impetus to broad stakeholder engagement, some areas that could be considered include: creating inclusive initiatives and partnerships in support of all areas; such initiatives and partnerships to develop resource mobilization strategies; system of regular monitoring, reporting on achievements of initiatives and partnerships; close coordination and cooperation of multi-stakeholder initiatives and partnerships with government and inter- governmental efforts in support of sustainable development

19 Peaceful and non-violent societies, capable institutions

·         Curbing illicit financial flows

·         Effective, accountable and transparent institutions

·         Fighting corruption in all its forms

·         Freedom of media, association and speech

·         Improved public access to information

·         Improvement of transparency in public finances management

·         Inclusive, participatory decision-making

·         Providing access to independent and responsive justice systems

·         Provision of legal identity, provision of property, use and access rights, to all persons

·         Provision of public services for all

·         Reduction of crime, violence, abuse, exploitation, including against children and women

·         Strengthening local governments

·         Strengthening of civil society

·         Strengthening the rule of law at all levels

Source: Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals. (2014). Overview - List of Sub-areas with existing goals and targets identified by TST. [Microsoft Excel spreadsheet at http://j.mp/Tentative_SDGs]

Current Locations of the Net Energy Gain by the Earth over the Past 40 Years

Between 1971 and 2010, the Earth net-gained 274 ZJ (zettajoule; 10²¹ joules) of energy. How big is 274 ZJ? According to BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013, the global total primary energy consumption in 2012 was about 12476.6 mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent). It is equivalent of 0.52237 ZJ. In just 40 years, the planetary energy imbalance has accumulated some energy that exceeds 500 years' global primary energy consumption at the year 2012 level.

Then what is the fate of the increased energy in the Earth? To answer the question, I looked up the latest assessment report of the IPCC's Working Group I. Using their analysis results, I have drawn a figure below.

Yes, out of the net energy gained by the Earth,

93% have warmed the oceans,
 3% have melted ice (Arctic sea ice, ice sheets and glaciers),
 3% have warmed the continents, and
 1% have warmed the atmosphere.

The same IPCC report has a figure of the energy accumulation in different parts of the earth over the peroid, too. See the figure below.

Figure. Plot of energy accumulation within distinct components of the Earth’s climate system relative to 1971 and from 1971 to 2010 Source: IPCC (2013, p. 264)


Reference:

IPCC. (2013). Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.  [Full-text at http://j.mp/WG1AR5]

Pictures in the figure from:

Wikimedia Commons (Ocean; Ice; Continent; Atmosphere)

Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) - 2014 Update

I updated the list in a new post for the year of 2015. Please move to the post cited below.

Park, H. (2015). Cost of Energy Comparison, Including Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) - 2015 Update [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://j.mp/LCOE_2015

What If We Burn All the Fossil Fuel Reserves? Simple Arithmetic Using the IPCC AR5

What happens if we burn all the fossil fuel reserves that we have? Here I'm doing my own simple arithmetic.

Above all, the Working Group I's contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) states that there is a specific threshold (purple line in the figure below) of total carbon emissions to us, Homo sapiens. To check the global surface temperature rise within 2°C (degrees Celsius) from the pre-industrial level, we have to limit our cumulative carbon emissions since 1870 to no more than 790 gigatonnes of carbon (GtC) or 2900 gigatonnes of CO₂ (GtCO₂).

(Here, I want to leave five notes. First, the Summary for Policymakers (SPM) of the WGI's AR5, originally released on September 27 last year, was corrected for errors on November 11. Second, the emissions numbers are rounded to the nearest 5 GtC (or nearest 5 GtCO₂). Third, ideally, the pre-industrial level means the global surface temperature in 1750. In the case of the figure below as cited from the AR5, the pre-industrial temperature is set at the 1861-1880 average level. I think it is because the estimates for 1750-1860 period were too uncertain to be scientifically acceptable. Fourth, the famous 1000 GtC carbon budget is the sum of CO₂ (790 GtC) and non-CO₂ emissions (210 GtC). For the CO₂ only, the cumulative emissions limit is 790 GtC. Fifth, I didn't consider the possible emissions from future land use change in this post.)

The AR5 estimated that about 515 GtC (1890 GtCO₂) had been emitted from 1870 to 2011 (blue line in the figure). The number includes emissions from land use change in addition to the emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement production. The Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center estimated that the global cumulative anthropogenic carbon emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement production were about 370 GtC (1360 GtCO₂) between 1870 and 2011. The remaining 145 GtC (530 GtCO₂) seems to be emitted from land use change. Therefore, at the beginning of 2012, we had only 275 GtC (1010 GtCO₂) of carbon at our disposal.

Then, we can now go back to the question I asked in the first line of this post. "What happens if we fully exploit the fossil fuel reserves on earth?"

To answer the question, we have to know the amount of carbon sources. We have figures for the global fossil fuel reserves that are summarized in my previous post (http://j.mp/FF_RR). The post tallied that the total combined reserves of global oil, natural gas, and coal were about 995.7 billion toe as of the year end of 2011 (= oil 224.0 billion toe + natural gas 174.3 billion toe + coal 597.4 billion toe). (Here, let us forget about 14,435 billion toe of fossil fuel resources calculated in the post. The resources estimates are 14.5 times larger than the already enormous reserves.)

In 2011, the annual global carbon emissions were 9.46 GtC (34.7 GtCO₂). If we don't change our fossil fuel consumption habits, we will use up the remaining 275 GtC in only 29.1 years. If we consume the entire fossil fuel reserves, we will eventually emit approximately 930 GtC (3400 GtCO₂) of additional carbon in 81 years (= reserves-to-production (R/P) ratio of the global fossil fuels in 2011) or by 2092. We will pass the threshold and go further to emit 655 GtC (2390 GtCO₂) more.

This self-destructing anthropogenic emissions will follow a global emissions trajectory that is little short of the IPCC's second-fastest global warming scenario (RCP6.0; orange line in the figure). The RCP6.0's additional cumulative CO₂ emissions between 2012 to 2100 are estimated 1060 GtC (3885 GtCO₂), while the total additional CO₂ emissions by burning up the entire fossil fuel reserves between 2012 and 2092 are 930 GtC (3400 GtCO₂). It means our extravagance could result in 3°C global warming around the end of the 21st century (Rogelj et al., 2012).

So.... We really are in a grave danger. I want to find a solution for this situation, not from another arithmetic but from profound reasonings that can move selfish people's hearts. (When do I? Not sure....)


Figure source: IPCC WGI (2013)

Emission factors (source: IPCC WGIII (2007)):

Coal:	3,851,856 gCO2/toe	(originally, 92.0 gCO2/MJ)
Gas:	2,193,883 gCO2/toe	(originally, 52.4 gCO2/MJ)
Oil:	3,194,528 gCO2/toe	(originally, 76.3 gCO2/MJ)

References:

Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC). (2013). Fossil-Fuel CO₂ Emissions. Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory. [Data at http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/meth_reg.html]

Rogelj, J., Meinshausen, M., & Knutti, R. (2012). Global warming under old and new scenarios using IPCC climate sensitivity range estimates. Nature Climate Change, 2(4), 248-253. [Full-text at http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1385]

Working Group I. (2013). Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Bern, Switzerland: IPCC Working Group I. [Full-text at http://j.mp/WG1AR5]

Working Group III. (2007). Climate Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK and New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. [Full-text at http://j.mp/WG3_AR4]

CO2 Emissions in South Korea, 1945-2012

So the following table and figure are comparing different estimates of South Korea's CO₂ emissions from 1945-2012.
I want to know why BP's estimates for recent years are much larger than those of other institutions.

CO₂ emissions in South Korea, 1945-2012
Unit: million tonnes of CO₂

Year	GCP	IEA (sectoral approach)	IEA (reference approach)	BP	EDGAR	US EIA	Korean Government (total CO2 emissions)	Korean Government (CO2 emissions from fuel combustion)
2012	610.74			763.71	635.00
2011	604.28	587.73	608.69	753.78	629.00	610.95
2010	567.13	564.47	579.57	713.62	591.00	581.10	595.89	559.31
2009	508.99	515.62	518.15	661.78	548.00	524.44	541.74	506.45
2008	507.66	501.77	512.84	653.45	540.00	521.77	536.09	498.94
2007	495.46	490.43	498.86	639.92	519.00	503.10	522.11	485.73
2006	470.45	476.69	472.14	605.99	509.00	484.21	500.59	465.94
2005	462.56	469.12	464.63	602.16	504.00	493.80	493.37	459.04
2004	481.91	469.82	477.31	591.21	506.00	485.91	490.58	452.64
2003	465.86	448.91	461.56	580.03	490.00	477.85	484.21	445.10
2002	465.28	446.13	461.54	566.55	476.00	468.00	475.87	437.37
2001	449.85	452.07	447.55	542.68	462.00	450.45	457.34	418.92
2000	447.22	437.72	440.99	528.89	448.00	438.65	443.12	406.18
1999	399.54	385.35	392.30	496.03	424.00	423.58	412.29	378.20
1998	364.54	351.06	354.97	460.37	389.00	380.75	379.89	347.61
1997	429.68	407.91	413.61	510.67	451.00	426.26	446.50	407.37
1996	403.41	383.72	383.36	464.71	428.00	396.90	419.77	382.18
1995	374.48	358.65	355.28	421.92	399.00	381.43	387.53	350.73
1994	343.77	329.04	325.40	388.85	366.00	351.42	358.15	324.07
1993	321.70	304.20	304.84	358.00	334.00	330.64	336.03	304.53
1992	284.06	276.91	267.28	325.14	304.00	293.46	301.03	273.87
1991	261.28	254.27	249.50	288.38	280.00	269.67	277.74	253.41
1990	246.75	229.30	238.60	254.97	253.00	242.13	253.89	233.56
1989	235.67	200.45	207.07	228.27		219.51
1988	221.79	189.33	199.36	214.79		207.81
1987	192.51	165.95	174.55	189.43		185.69
1986	182.31	159.66	171.33	179.56		180.30
1985	178.20	153.25	157.67	167.26		172.32
1984	163.79	148.88	153.42	154.70		163.62
1983	150.79	136.97	140.09	141.15		148.49
1982	141.80	129.04	133.29	133.87		138.95
1981	139.63	129.41	125.37	133.64		137.90
1980	134.77	124.38	125.73	126.31		131.74
1979	133.11	120.04	121.62	121.69
1978	113.32	106.42	105.50	105.70
1977	105.63	97.68	99.48	96.99
1976	93.24	85.37	86.66	84.42
1975	81.77	76.76	77.91	75.38
1974	75.63	70.75	75.14	68.64
1973	73.04	67.27	69.26	66.52
1972	60.29	53.96	59.78	53.40
1971	58.57	52.07	54.84	51.57
1970	53.74			48.01
1969	42.49			41.48
1968	37.21			35.17
1967	35.12			31.44
1966	29.99			28.12
1965	24.99			23.56
1964	22.20
1963	21.09
1962	17.27
1961	14.45
1960	12.54
1959	11.22
1958	9.01
1957	8.22
1956	7.56
1955	6.45
1954	5.16
1953	4.69
1952	3.46
1951	2.92
1950	2.18
1949	2.18
1948	1.67
1947	0.90
1946	0.49
1945	0.00

Note: Original carbon contents of CO₂ emissions in the GCP estimates were multiplied by a conversion factor (= 44.0095/12.0107) to make CO₂-equivalent numbers.


References:

Global Carbon Project	Le Quéré, C., Peters, G. P., Andres, R. J., Andrew, R. M., Boden, T., Ciais, P., . . . Yue, C. (2013). Global Carbon Budget 2013. Earth System Science Data Discussions, 6(2), 689-760. [Full-text at http://j.mp/GCP2013; Data at http://j.mp/GCP2013Data]
International Energy Agency	IEA. (2013). CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion 2013: Highlights. Paris, France: IEA Publications. [Full-text at http://j.mp/IEA2013; Data at http://j.mp/IEA2013Data]
BP	BP. (2013). BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2013. London, UK: BP, plc. [Full-text at http://j.mp/BP2013Text; Data at http://j.mp/BP2013Data]
Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EC JRC & PBL)	Olivier, J. G. J., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Muntean, M., & Peters, J. A. H. W. (2013). Trends in Global CO2 Emissions: 2013 Report. The Hague, The Netherlands: PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. [Full-text at http://j.mp/EDGAR2013; Data at http://j.mp/EDGAR2013Data]
U.S. Energy Information Administration	US EIA. (2013). Total Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the Consumption of Energy. In US EIA, International Energy Statistics. Washington, DC: U.S. Energy Information Administration. [Data at http://j.mp/EIA2013Data]
Korean Government	GIR. (2013). 2012 National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report of Korea. Seoul, Korea: Greenhouse Gas Inventory & Research Center of Korea (GIR). [Full-text at http://j.mp/NIR2012Text; Data at http://j.mp/NIR2012Data]