CO2 Emissions in South Korea, 1945-2012

So the following table and figure are comparing different estimates of South Korea's CO₂ emissions from 1945-2012.
I want to know why BP's estimates for recent years are much larger than those of other institutions.

CO₂ emissions in South Korea, 1945-2012
Unit: million tonnes of CO₂

Year	GCP	IEA (sectoral approach)	IEA (reference approach)	BP	EDGAR	US EIA	Korean Government (total CO2 emissions)	Korean Government (CO2 emissions from fuel combustion)
2012	610.74			763.71	635.00
2011	604.28	587.73	608.69	753.78	629.00	610.95
2010	567.13	564.47	579.57	713.62	591.00	581.10	595.89	559.31
2009	508.99	515.62	518.15	661.78	548.00	524.44	541.74	506.45
2008	507.66	501.77	512.84	653.45	540.00	521.77	536.09	498.94
2007	495.46	490.43	498.86	639.92	519.00	503.10	522.11	485.73
2006	470.45	476.69	472.14	605.99	509.00	484.21	500.59	465.94
2005	462.56	469.12	464.63	602.16	504.00	493.80	493.37	459.04
2004	481.91	469.82	477.31	591.21	506.00	485.91	490.58	452.64
2003	465.86	448.91	461.56	580.03	490.00	477.85	484.21	445.10
2002	465.28	446.13	461.54	566.55	476.00	468.00	475.87	437.37
2001	449.85	452.07	447.55	542.68	462.00	450.45	457.34	418.92
2000	447.22	437.72	440.99	528.89	448.00	438.65	443.12	406.18
1999	399.54	385.35	392.30	496.03	424.00	423.58	412.29	378.20
1998	364.54	351.06	354.97	460.37	389.00	380.75	379.89	347.61
1997	429.68	407.91	413.61	510.67	451.00	426.26	446.50	407.37
1996	403.41	383.72	383.36	464.71	428.00	396.90	419.77	382.18
1995	374.48	358.65	355.28	421.92	399.00	381.43	387.53	350.73
1994	343.77	329.04	325.40	388.85	366.00	351.42	358.15	324.07
1993	321.70	304.20	304.84	358.00	334.00	330.64	336.03	304.53
1992	284.06	276.91	267.28	325.14	304.00	293.46	301.03	273.87
1991	261.28	254.27	249.50	288.38	280.00	269.67	277.74	253.41
1990	246.75	229.30	238.60	254.97	253.00	242.13	253.89	233.56
1989	235.67	200.45	207.07	228.27		219.51
1988	221.79	189.33	199.36	214.79		207.81
1987	192.51	165.95	174.55	189.43		185.69
1986	182.31	159.66	171.33	179.56		180.30
1985	178.20	153.25	157.67	167.26		172.32
1984	163.79	148.88	153.42	154.70		163.62
1983	150.79	136.97	140.09	141.15		148.49
1982	141.80	129.04	133.29	133.87		138.95
1981	139.63	129.41	125.37	133.64		137.90
1980	134.77	124.38	125.73	126.31		131.74
1979	133.11	120.04	121.62	121.69
1978	113.32	106.42	105.50	105.70
1977	105.63	97.68	99.48	96.99
1976	93.24	85.37	86.66	84.42
1975	81.77	76.76	77.91	75.38
1974	75.63	70.75	75.14	68.64
1973	73.04	67.27	69.26	66.52
1972	60.29	53.96	59.78	53.40
1971	58.57	52.07	54.84	51.57
1970	53.74			48.01
1969	42.49			41.48
1968	37.21			35.17
1967	35.12			31.44
1966	29.99			28.12
1965	24.99			23.56
1964	22.20
1963	21.09
1962	17.27
1961	14.45
1960	12.54
1959	11.22
1958	9.01
1957	8.22
1956	7.56
1955	6.45
1954	5.16
1953	4.69
1952	3.46
1951	2.92
1950	2.18
1949	2.18
1948	1.67
1947	0.90
1946	0.49
1945	0.00

Note: Original carbon contents of CO₂ emissions in the GCP estimates were multiplied by a conversion factor (= 44.0095/12.0107) to make CO₂-equivalent numbers.


References:

Global Carbon Project	Le Quéré, C., Peters, G. P., Andres, R. J., Andrew, R. M., Boden, T., Ciais, P., . . . Yue, C. (2013). Global Carbon Budget 2013. Earth System Science Data Discussions, 6(2), 689-760. [Full-text at http://j.mp/GCP2013; Data at http://j.mp/GCP2013Data]
International Energy Agency	IEA. (2013). CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion 2013: Highlights. Paris, France: IEA Publications. [Full-text at http://j.mp/IEA2013; Data at http://j.mp/IEA2013Data]
BP	BP. (2013). BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2013. London, UK: BP, plc. [Full-text at http://j.mp/BP2013Text; Data at http://j.mp/BP2013Data]
Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EC JRC & PBL)	Olivier, J. G. J., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Muntean, M., & Peters, J. A. H. W. (2013). Trends in Global CO2 Emissions: 2013 Report. The Hague, The Netherlands: PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. [Full-text at http://j.mp/EDGAR2013; Data at http://j.mp/EDGAR2013Data]
U.S. Energy Information Administration	US EIA. (2013). Total Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the Consumption of Energy. In US EIA, International Energy Statistics. Washington, DC: U.S. Energy Information Administration. [Data at http://j.mp/EIA2013Data]
Korean Government	GIR. (2013). 2012 National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report of Korea. Seoul, Korea: Greenhouse Gas Inventory & Research Center of Korea (GIR). [Full-text at http://j.mp/NIR2012Text; Data at http://j.mp/NIR2012Data]

Comparison of Global CO2 Emissions Estimates by GCP, IEA, BP, EDGAR, and US EIA (1990-2012)

How do different institutions' estimates of global carbon dioxide emissions compare?

Table. Global CO₂ emissions (unit: million tonnes of CO₂)

	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001
GCP	22,450	22,780	22,586	22,579	22,960	23,443	23,971	24,371	24,341	24,220	24,788	25,382
IEA (sectoral approach)	20,989	21,143	21,074	21,170	21,301	21,851	22,423	22,666	22,778	22,928	23,759	23,980
IEA (reference approach)	21,546	21,488	21,363	21,526	21,624	22,112	22,637	22,837	22,857	23,297	23,982	24,192
BP	22,606	22,574	22,665	22,666	22,950	23,464	24,090	24,359	24,393	24,723	25,382	25,597
EDGAR (EC JRC & PBL)	22,667	22,690	22,584	22,796	22,950	23,619	24,219	24,390	24,589	24,797	25,361	25,449
US EIA	21,523	21,432	21,347	21,502	21,649	22,010	22,508	23,044	23,146	23,459	24,150	24,244
	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012
GCP	25,635	27,174	28,606	29,654	30,669	31,387	32,183	32,025	33,590	34,663	35,420
IEA (sectoral approach)	24,359	25,439	26,628	27,501	28,332	29,268	29,478	28,966	30,509	31,342
IEA (reference approach)	24,681	25,764	27,188	27,965	28,848	29,591	29,951	29,729	31,545	32,332
BP	26,068	27,254	28,603	29,453	30,320	31,197	31,540	31,100	32,840	33,743	34,466
EDGAR (EC JRC & PBL)	26,066	27,187	28,552	29,346	30,345	31,410	31,962	31,574	32,992	33,986	34,453
US EIA	24,925	25,989	27,134	28,262	29,029	29,733	30,256	30,236	31,502	32,579

Note: Original carbon contents of CO₂ emissions in the GCP estimates were multiplied by a conversion factor (= 44.0095/12.0107) to make CO₂-equivalent numbers.

References:

Global Carbon Project	Le Quéré, C., Peters, G. P., Andres, R. J., Andrew, R. M., Boden, T., Ciais, P., . . . Yue, C. (2013). Global Carbon Budget 2013. Earth System Science Data Discussions, 6(2), 689-760. [Full-text at http://j.mp/GCP2013; Data at http://j.mp/GCP2013Data]
International Energy Agency	IEA. (2013). CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion 2013: Highlights. Paris, France: IEA Publications. [Full-text at http://j.mp/IEA2013; Data at http://j.mp/IEA2013Data]
BP	BP. (2013). BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2013. London, UK: BP, plc. [Full-text at http://j.mp/BP2013Text; Data at http://j.mp/BP2013Data]
Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EC JRC & PBL)	Olivier, J. G. J., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Muntean, M., & Peters, J. A. H. W. (2013). Trends in Global CO2 Emissions: 2013 Report. The Hague, The Netherlands: PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. [Full-text at http://j.mp/EDGAR2013; Data at http://j.mp/EDGAR2013Data]
U.S. Energy Information Administration	US EIA. (2013). Total Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the Consumption of Energy. In US EIA, International Energy Statistics. Washington, DC: U.S. Energy Information Administration. [Data at http://j.mp/EIA2013Data]

On the 60% Larger Arctic Ice Cap Year-Over-Year and on the Recent Global Warming Hiatus

I am not an atmospheric scientist. But I thought I could introduce some explanations about the recent measurements that are seemingly contradictory to the IPCC reports (AR4 and upcoming AR5).

First, does this year's Arctic ice cap that is reportedly 60% larger than the last year's mean climate is cooling? Not so. It is just a symptom of the so-called 'regression toward the mean' bias.
Let's look at the measurement data. The 60% increase in 2013 is just due to the record-contraction of the Arctic ice cap in 2012 (Meier, 2012). The downward trend is still valid.

Source: National Snow & Ice Data Center.

Second, does the hiatus of global warming since 1998 mean that the IPCC's forecasts are outright wrong? Not so. Their models were found wrong in that they couldn't predict the anomaly (How much the models were wrong can be found at Fyfe et al., (2013)). However, the overall global warming is happening exactly as the IPCC has been telling the world.
A Nature paper published today (Kosaka & Xie, 2013) clarifies what is really happening on the Earth. If their analysis is correct (Their explanation corresponds to 97% of temperature changes during 1970-2012.), the former climate models underestimated the natural variation known as "La-Niña-like decadal cooling." Their conclusion is,
"Although similar decadal hiatus events may occur in the future, the multi-decadal warming trend is very likely to continue with greenhouse gas increase."
(The IPCC report use the term "very likely" when the probability of a predicted outcome is greater than 90%.)
I think this study is a good answer to the so-called confusion between the short-term noise and the long-term change.


References:

Fyfe, J. C., Gillett, N. P., & Zwiers, F. W. (2013). Overestimated global warming over the past 20 years. Nature Climate Change, 3(9), 767-769. [Full-text at http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1972]

Kosaka, Y., & Xie, S.-P. (2013). Recent global-warming hiatus tied to equatorial Pacific surface cooling. Nature, 501, 403-407. [Full-text at http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature12534] (If you don't have a permission to read this article, just open the following link. http://www.seas.harvard.edu/climate/seminars/pdfs/Kosaka_Nature_2013.pdf)

Meier, W. (2012). Record Low Arctic Sea Ice Extent in 2012: An exclamation point on a long-term declining trend [PowerPoint slides]. Boulder, CO: National Snow & Ice Data Center. [Slides at http://j.mp/Meier_NOAA]

Temporal Changes in the Spatial Distribution of Global CO2 Emissions, 1970-2008

Please watch in HD 720p (and in full-screen mode) for a clearer video.

Source: Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR; http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/)

Three Recent Reports on Water-Energy Nexus in the United States

Almost three years ago, I wrote a post about 'water consumption in electricity generation using different technologies' (http://j.mp/Water_Power_Nexus). However, indeed, I didn't have to collect those data. Two very good papers on the topic had been published by researchers from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
(Paper 1: Macknick, J., Newmark, R., Heath, G., & Hallett, K. C. (2012). Operational water consumption and withdrawal factors for electricity generating technologies: a review of existing literature. Environmental Research Letters, 7(4), 045802. [Full-text at http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/045802]
Paper 2: Meldrum, J., Nettles-Anderson, S., Heath, G., & Macknick, J. (2013). Life cycle water use for electricity generation: a review and harmonization of literature estimates. Environmental Research Letters, 8(1), 015031. [Full-text at http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/015031])

Nowadays, the nexus between energy and water seems to have become an even more popular topic in the United States. Over the past two months, three notable U.S. institutions published lengthy reports on the issue. The reports are:

Rogers, J., Averyt, K., Clemmer, S., Davis, M., Flores-Lopez, F., Frumhoff, P., Kenney, D., Macknick, J., Madden, N., Meldrum, J., Overpeck, J., Sattler, S., Spanger-Siegfried, E., & Yates. D. (2013). Water-Smart Power: Strengthening the U.S. Electricity System in a Warming World. Cambridge, MA: Union of Concerned Scientists. [Full-text at http://j.mp/Water-Energy-UCS]

Water in the West. (2013). Water and Energy Nexus: A Literature Review. Stanford, CA: Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment and the Bill Lane Center for the American West. [Full-text at http://j.mp/Water-Energy-Stanford]

Whited, M., Ackerman, F., & Jackson, S. (2013). Water Constraints on Energy Production: Altering our Current Collision Course. Newton, MA: Civil Society Institute. [Full-text at http://j.mp/Water-Energy-CSI]

Desirable Per Capita GHG Emissions and Current Per Capita CO2 & GHG Emissions by Country

According to the IPCC's 'RCP 2.6' scenario for their Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) that meets the long term target of limiting the global mean temperature rise to 2 degrees Celsius (or 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) above the pre-industrial age level (Girod et al., 2013): 
(1) in 2050, the greenhouse gas emissions per capita have to be about 2.1 metric tons of CO₂ equivalent among all the countries; and 
(2) at the end of the 21st century, the GHG emissions will have to be negative.

The following table contains country rankings by current (in 2010) CO₂ emissions per capita and greenhouse gas emissions per capita. CO₂ is just one element of UNFCCC-designated seven greenhouse gases (CO₂, N₂O, CH₄, HFCs, PFCs, SF₆, & NF₃). Because the per capita GHG emissions are always greater than the CO₂ emissions, reducing the per capita GHG emissions level down to 2.1 tonnes of CO₂ per year by 2050 seems very difficult. For example, El Salvador emitted about 2.1 tonnes of GHGs per capita in 1994.

Country Rankings by CO₂ and GHG Emissions Per Capita

Unit: tonnes of CO₂-equivalent

Rank	CO2 emissions per capita (in 2010)			Greenhouse gas emissions per capita
	Country	CO2		Country	GHG	Latest year available
1	QATAR	40.086		Niue (see Note)	2,053.950	(1994)
2	TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO	37.741		Jamaica	47.582	(1994)
3	KUWAIT	34.224		United Arab Emirates	40.096	(2000)
4	NETHERLAND ANTILLES	23.524		Bahrain	34.901	(1994)
5	BRUNEI (DARUSSALAM)	22.938		Paraguay	29.937	(1994)
6	UNITED ARAB EMIRATES	22.278		Belize	29.604	(1994)
7	ARUBA	21.582		Australia	26.076	(2008)
8	LUXEMBOURG	21.326		Luxembourg	25.996	(2008)
9	OMAN	20.556		United States	22.218	(2008)
10	BAHRAIN	19.164		Canada	22.082	(2008)
11	FALKLAND ISLANDS (MALVINAS)	19.127		New Zealand	17.650	(2008)
12	UNITED STATES OF AMERICA	17.258		Grenada	16.172	(1994)
13	SAUDI ARABIA	16.892		Barbados	15.890	(1997)
14	AUSTRALIA	16.745		Kazakhstan	15.840	(2008)
15	GIBRALTAR	15.646		Russian Federation	15.768	(2008)
16	NEW CALEDONIA	15.609		Cote d'Ivoire	15.693	(2000)
17	KAZAKHSTAN	15.500		Iceland	15.469	(2008)
18	CANADA	14.657		Ireland	15.199	(2008)
19	FAEROE ISLANDS	14.620		Estonia	15.099	(2008)
20	ESTONIA	13.667		Czech Republic	13.704	(2008)
21	MONTSERRAT	12.935		Finland	13.220	(2008)
22	RUSSIAN FEDERATION	12.165		Trinidad and Tobago	13.133	(1990)
23	REPUBLIC OF KOREA	11.762		Turkmenistan	12.771	(1994)
24	NORWAY	11.689		Belgium	12.582	(2008)
25	ST. PIERRE & MIQUELON	11.689		Netherlands	12.519	(2008)
26	FINLAND	11.506		Cameroon	12.105	(1994)
27	TAIWAN	11.212		Denmark	11.933	(2008)
28	GREENLAND	11.066		Germany	11.646	(2008)
29	NETHERLANDS	10.956		Korea, Republic of	11.624	(2001)
30	CZECH REPUBLIC	10.626		Central African Republic	11.613	(1994)
31	TURKMENISTAN	10.516		Greece	11.393	(2008)
32	CAYMAN ISLANDS	10.480		Norway	11.267	(2008)
33	PALAU	10.480		Israel	10.971	(2005)
34	BELGIUM	10.150		Slovenia	10.563	(2008)
35	ISRAEL	9.527		Austria	10.392	(2008)
36	LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYAH	9.270		Poland	10.381	(2008)
37	JAPAN	9.234		United Kingdom	10.317	(2008)
38	SOUTH AFRICA	9.160		Saudi Arabia	10.165	(1990)
39	GERMANY	9.051		Japan	10.070	(2008)
40	IRELAND	8.941		Korea, Dem. People's Rep.	10.024	(1990)
41	NAURU	8.391		Bulgaria	9.672	(2008)
42	DENMARK	8.354		Belarus	9.414	(2008)
43	BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINA	8.281		South Africa	9.378	(1994)
44	POLAND	8.281		Ukraine	9.302	(2008)
45	SEYCHELLES	8.135		Spain	9.121	(2008)
46	AUSTRIA	7.951		Italy	9.085	(2008)
47	UNITED KINGDOM	7.915		Slovakia	9.043	(2008)
48	ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN	7.731		Uruguay	8.953	(2000)
49	GREECE	7.622		France	8.573	(2008)
50	MALAYSIA	7.622		Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)	8.026	(1999)
51	SLOVENIA	7.548		Singapore	7.958	(1994)
52	BERMUDA	7.328		Bahamas	7.957	(1994)
53	NEW ZEALAND	7.218		Swaziland	7.947	(1994)
54	BAHAMAS	7.182		San Marino	7.666	(2007)
55	CYPRUS	6.962		Argentina	7.634	(2000)
56	VENEZUELA	6.962		Uzbekistan	7.593	(2005)
57	ITALY (INCLUDING SAN MARINO)	6.705		Liechtenstein	7.392	(2008)
58	UKRAINE	6.705		Portugal	7.341	(2008)
59	EQUATORIAL GUINEA	6.669		Lithuania	7.325	(2008)
60	SLOVAKIA	6.596		Hungary	7.305	(2008)
61	BELARUS	6.486		Malta	7.245	(2008)
62	MALTA	6.192		Armenia	7.141	(1990)
63	CHINA (MAINLAND)	6.156		Switzerland	7.058	(2008)
64	ANDORRA	6.119		Croatia	7.039	(2008)
65	ICELAND	6.119		Sweden	6.949	(2008)
66	BULGARIA	5.973		Benin	6.875	(1995)
67	SPAIN	5.863		Suriname	6.834	(2003)
68	ANTIGUA & BARBUDA	5.789		Mongolia	6.832	(1998)
69	FRANCE (INCLUDING MONACO)	5.753		Romania	6.831	(2008)
70	MARTINIQUE	5.606		Malaysia	6.807	(1994)
71	SWEDEN	5.606		Iran (Islamic Republic of)	6.295	(1994)
72	BARBADOS	5.496		Antigua and Barbuda	6.276	(1990)
73	MACEDONIA	5.276		Gabon	6.197	(1994)
74	REUNION	5.167		Botswana	6.149	(1994)
75	HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINSTRATIVE REGION OF CHINA	5.130		Saint Lucia	6.092	(1994)
76	HUNGARY	5.057		The Former Yugoslav Rep. of Macedonia	6.044	(2002)
77	BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS	5.020		Azerbaijan	5.617	(1994)
78	SWITZERLAND	5.020		Mexico	5.423	(2002)
79	AZERBAIJAN	4.983		Latvia	5.270	(2008)
80	PORTUGAL	4.910		Turkey	4.958	(2008)
81	LEBANON	4.837		Bolivia	4.847	(2004)
82	CROATIA	4.727		Palau	4.797	(2000)
83	ST. KITTS-NEVIS	4.727		Lebanon	4.628	(1994)
84	SERBIA	4.654		Cook Islands	4.344	(1994)
85	SURINAME	4.544		Gambia	4.234	(1993)
86	ARGENTINA	4.470		Brazil	4.164	(1994)
87	THAILAND	4.250		Panama	4.083	(1994)
88	TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS	4.250		Guyana	4.049	(1998)
89	CHILE	4.214		Jordan	3.998	(2000)
90	ANGUILLA	4.177		Chile	3.872	(1994)
91	MONGOLIA	4.177		Saint Kitts and Nevis	3.870	(1994)
92	NIUE	4.177		Colombia	3.840	(1994)
93	MONTENEGRO	4.104		St. Vincent and the Grenadines	3.802	(1997)
94	TURKEY	4.104		Thailand	3.761	(1994)
95	LITHUANIA	4.067		Zambia	3.701	(1994)
96	MEXICO	3.921		Cuba	3.669	(1996)
97	UZBEKISTAN	3.811		Nauru	3.642	(1994)
98	GUADELOUPE	3.774		Namibia	3.543	(1994)
99	ROMANIA	3.664		Seychelles	3.387	(1995)
100	IRAQ	3.628		China	3.386	(1994)
101	ALGERIA	3.481		Samoa	3.365	(1994)
102	COOK ISLANDS	3.481		Algeria	3.309	(1994)
103	CUBA	3.408		Republic of Moldova	3.161	(2005)
104	MALDIVES	3.408		Ecuador	2.994	(1990)
105	JORDAN	3.371		Dominican Republic	2.994	(2000)
106	LATVIA	3.371		Monaco	2.919	(2008)
107	FRENCH POLYNESIA	3.261		Tunisia	2.854	(1994)
108	MAURITIUS	3.151		Costa Rica	2.799	(2005)
109	FRENCH GUIANA	3.041		Georgia	2.770	(2006)
110	SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC	3.041		Mauritania	2.667	(2000)
111	DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE S REPUBLIC OF KOREA	2.931		Bhutan	2.517	(1994)
112	PANAMA	2.748		Peru	2.449	(1994)
113	SINGAPORE	2.638		Zimbabwe	2.400	(1994)
114	BOTSWANA	2.602		Tonga	2.364	(1994)
115	JAMAICA	2.602		Micronesia, Federated States of	2.325	(1994)
116	EGYPT	2.528		Kyrgyzstan	2.302	(2005)
117	GRENADA	2.492		Nigeria	2.252	(1994)
118	TUNISIA	2.455		Dominica	2.216	(1994)
119	SAINT LUCIA	2.308		El Salvador	2.071	(1994)
120	ECUADOR	2.272		Uganda	2.047	(1994)
121	GUYANA	2.235		Egypt	2.020	(1990)
122	SAINT HELENA	2.235		Honduras	1.937	(1995)
123	BRAZIL	2.162		Fiji	1.834	(1994)
124	DOMINICAN REPUBLIC	2.125		Mauritius	1.824	(1995)
125	WALLIS AND FUTUNA ISLANDS	2.052		Vanuatu	1.782	(1994)
126	DOMINICA	1.979		Indonesia	1.771	(1994)
127	PERU	1.979		Sudan	1.757	(1995)
128	URUGUAY	1.979		Albania	1.744	(1994)
129	MARSHALL ISLANDS	1.942		Madagascar	1.724	(1994)
130	MACAU SPECIAL ADMINSTRATIVE REGION OF CHINA	1.905		Nicaragua	1.679	(1994)
131	ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES	1.905		Morocco	1.672	(1994)
132	INDONESIA	1.795		Guatemala	1.655	(1990)
133	GABON	1.722		Lao People's Dem. Rep.	1.632	(1990)
134	VIET NAM	1.722		Sri Lanka	1.598	(1995)
135	COLOMBIA	1.649		Guinea-Bissau	1.490	(1994)
136	COSTA RICA	1.649		Nepal	1.479	(1994)
137	INDIA	1.649		Philippines	1.474	(1994)
138	ANGOLA	1.576		United Rep. of Tanzania	1.349	(1994)
139	MOROCCO	1.576		India	1.299	(1994)
140	PLURINATIONAL STATE OF BOLIVIA	1.539		Togo	1.279	(1998)
141	FIJI	1.502		Pakistan	1.261	(1994)
142	TONGA	1.502		Niger	1.235	(2000)
143	GEORGIA	1.429		Chad	1.198	(1993)
144	NAMIBIA	1.392		Viet Nam	1.178	(1994)
145	ARMENIA	1.356		Tajikistan	1.176	(2003)
146	BELIZE	1.356		Cambodia	1.154	(1994)
147	REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA	1.356		Yemen	1.151	(1995)
148	ALBANIA	1.319		Senegal	1.105	(1995)
149	KYRGYZSTAN	1.209		Papua New Guinea	1.093	(1994)
150	HONDURAS	1.063		Lesotho	1.072	(1994)
151	EL SALVADOR	1.026		Comoros	1.062	(1994)
152	FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA	0.916		Mali	0.908	(1995)
153	PAKISTAN	0.916		Sao Tome and Principe	0.902	(1998)
154	YEMEN	0.916		Ethiopia	0.838	(1995)
155	PHILIPPINES	0.879		Solomon Islands	0.837	(1994)
156	SAMOA	0.879		Djibouti	0.837	(1994)
157	SWAZILAND	0.879		Dem. Rep. of the Congo	0.827	(2003)
158	GUATEMALA	0.769		Kenya	0.804	(1994)
159	NICARAGUA	0.769		Ghana	0.742	(1996)
160	PARAGUAY	0.769		Cape Verde	0.736	(1995)
161	CAPE VERDE	0.733		Malawi	0.708	(1994)
162	ZIMBABWE	0.733		Guinea	0.700	(1994)
163	BHUTAN	0.660		Congo	0.680	(2000)
164	KIRIBATI	0.623		Haiti	0.662	(1994)
165	MAURITANIA	0.623		Maldives	0.632	(1994)
166	SRI LANKA	0.623		Tuvalu	0.608	(1994)
167	BENIN	0.586		Burkina Faso	0.606	(1994)
168	DJIBOUTI	0.586		Mozambique	0.533	(1994)
169	OCCUPIED PALESTINIAN TERRITORY	0.586		Kiribati	0.367	(1994)
170	SAO TOME & PRINCIPE	0.586		Bangladesh	0.366	(1994)
171	SENEGAL	0.550		Burundi	0.316	(1998)
172	CONGO	0.513		Rwanda	0.279	(2002)
173	NIGERIA	0.513		Eritrea	0.207	(2000)
174	VANUATU	0.476
175	PAPUA NEW GUINEA	0.440
176	WESTERN SAHARA	0.440
177	TAJIKISTAN	0.403
178	BANGLADESH	0.366
179	GHANA	0.366
180	REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON	0.366
181	SOLOMON ISLANDS	0.366
182	SUDAN	0.330
183	CAMBODIA	0.293
184	COTE D IVOIRE	0.293
185	KENYA	0.293
186	LAO PEOPLE S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC	0.293
187	AFGHANISTAN	0.256
188	GAMBIA	0.256
189	TOGO	0.256
190	HAITI	0.220
191	COMOROS	0.183
192	LIBERIA	0.183
193	MYANMAR (FORMERLY BURMA)	0.183
194	ZAMBIA	0.183
195	GUINEA BISSAU	0.147
196	TIMOR-LESTE (FORMERLY EAST TIMOR)	0.147
197	UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA	0.147
198	BURKINA FASO	0.110
199	ERITREA	0.110
200	GUINEA	0.110
201	MADAGASCAR	0.110
202	MOZAMBIQUE	0.110
203	NEPAL	0.110
204	SIERRA LEONE	0.110
205	UGANDA	0.110
206	CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC	0.073
207	ETHIOPIA	0.073
208	MALAWI	0.073
209	NIGER	0.073
210	RWANDA	0.073
211	SOMALIA	0.073
212	BURUNDI	0.037
213	CHAD	0.037
214	DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO (FORMERLY ZAIRE)	0.037
215	MALI	0.037
216	LESOTHO	0.000

Note:

On 'Niue' (Explanation from the GHG gas data source): 1994 is considered as an uncharacteristically high in terms of GHG emissions. It was mainly influenced by large-scale extension of Niue's international airport runway, and the major construction and sealing of roads (230 km). The high per capita figure is also due to a very small population base.

Sources:

CO₂ data: Boden, T., Marland, G., Andres, B., & Marland, G. (2013). National CO₂ Emissions from Fossil-Fuel Burning, Cement Manufacture, and Gas Flaring: 1751-2010. Oak Ridge, TN: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center. [Data at http://dx.doi.org/10.3334/CDIAC/00001_V2013]

Greenhouse gas data: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/environment/air_greenhouse_emissions.htm

IPCC scenarios: Girod, B., van Vuuren, D. P., & Hertwich, E. G. (2013). Global climate targets and future consumption level: an evaluation of the required GHG intensity. Environmental Research Letters, 8(1), 014016. [Full-text at http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/014016]