Wednesday, December 18, 2013

CO2 Emissions in South Korea, 1945-2012

So the following table and figure are comparing different estimates of South Korea's CO2 emissions from 1945-2012.
I want to know why BP's estimates for recent years are much larger than those of other institutions.

CO2 emissions in South Korea, 1945-2012
Unit: million tonnes of CO2
YearGCPIEA
(sectoral
approach)
IEA
(reference
approach)
BPEDGARUS EIAKorean
Government
(total CO2
emissions)
Korean
Government
(CO2
emissions from
fuel combustion)
2012610.74

763.71635.00


2011604.28587.73608.69753.78629.00610.95

2010567.13564.47579.57713.62591.00581.10595.89559.31
2009508.99515.62518.15661.78548.00524.44541.74506.45
2008507.66501.77512.84653.45540.00521.77536.09498.94
2007495.46490.43498.86639.92519.00503.10522.11485.73
2006470.45476.69472.14605.99509.00484.21500.59465.94
2005462.56469.12464.63602.16504.00493.80493.37459.04
2004481.91469.82477.31591.21506.00485.91490.58452.64
2003465.86448.91461.56580.03490.00477.85484.21445.10
2002465.28446.13461.54566.55476.00468.00475.87437.37
2001449.85452.07447.55542.68462.00450.45457.34418.92
2000447.22437.72440.99528.89448.00438.65443.12406.18
1999399.54385.35392.30496.03424.00423.58412.29378.20
1998364.54351.06354.97460.37389.00380.75379.89347.61
1997429.68407.91413.61510.67451.00426.26446.50407.37
1996403.41383.72383.36464.71428.00396.90419.77382.18
1995374.48358.65355.28421.92399.00381.43387.53350.73
1994343.77329.04325.40388.85366.00351.42358.15324.07
1993321.70304.20304.84358.00334.00330.64336.03304.53
1992284.06276.91267.28325.14304.00293.46301.03273.87
1991261.28254.27249.50288.38280.00269.67277.74253.41
1990246.75229.30238.60254.97253.00242.13253.89233.56
1989235.67200.45207.07228.27
219.51

1988221.79189.33199.36214.79
207.81

1987192.51165.95174.55189.43
185.69

1986182.31159.66171.33179.56
180.30

1985178.20153.25157.67167.26
172.32

1984163.79148.88153.42154.70
163.62

1983150.79136.97140.09141.15
148.49

1982141.80129.04133.29133.87
138.95

1981139.63129.41125.37133.64
137.90

1980134.77124.38125.73126.31
131.74

1979133.11120.04121.62121.69



1978113.32106.42105.50105.70



1977105.6397.6899.4896.99



197693.2485.3786.6684.42



197581.7776.7677.9175.38



197475.6370.7575.1468.64



197373.0467.2769.2666.52



197260.2953.9659.7853.40



197158.5752.0754.8451.57



197053.74

48.01



196942.49

41.48



196837.21

35.17



196735.12

31.44



196629.99

28.12



196524.99

23.56



196422.20






196321.09






196217.27






196114.45






196012.54






195911.22






19589.01






19578.22






19567.56






19556.45






19545.16






19534.69






19523.46






19512.92






19502.18






19492.18






19481.67






19470.90






19460.49






19450.00






Note: Original carbon contents of CO2 emissions in the GCP estimates were multiplied by a conversion factor (= 44.0095/12.0107) to make CO2-equivalent numbers.


References:
Global Carbon ProjectLe Quéré, C., Peters, G. P., Andres, R. J., Andrew, R. M., Boden, T., Ciais, P., . . . Yue, C. (2013). Global Carbon Budget 2013. Earth System Science Data Discussions6(2), 689-760. [Full-text at http://j.mp/GCP2013; Data at http://j.mp/GCP2013Data]
International Energy AgencyIEA. (2013). CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion 2013: Highlights. Paris, France: IEA Publications. [Full-text at http://j.mp/IEA2013; Data at http://j.mp/IEA2013Data]
BPBP. (2013). BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2013. London, UK: BP, plc. [Full-text at http://j.mp/BP2013Text; Data at http://j.mp/BP2013Data]
Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EC JRC & PBL)Olivier, J. G. J., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Muntean, M., & Peters, J. A. H. W. (2013). Trends in Global CO2 Emissions: 2013 Report. The Hague, The Netherlands: PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. [Full-text at http://j.mp/EDGAR2013; Data at http://j.mp/EDGAR2013Data]
U.S. Energy Information AdministrationUS EIA. (2013). Total Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the Consumption of Energy. In US EIA, International Energy Statistics. Washington, DC: U.S. Energy Information Administration. [Data at http://j.mp/EIA2013Data]
Korean GovernmentGIR. (2013). 2012 National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report of Korea. Seoul, Korea: Greenhouse Gas Inventory & Research Center of Korea (GIR). [Full-text at http://j.mp/NIR2012Text; Data at http://j.mp/NIR2012Data]

Sunday, November 24, 2013

Comparison of Global CO2 Emissions Estimates by GCP, IEA, BP, EDGAR, and US EIA (1990-2012)

How do different institutions' estimates of global carbon dioxide emissions compare?

Table. Global CO2 emissions (unit: million tonnes of CO2)

199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001
GCP22,45022,78022,58622,57922,96023,44323,97124,37124,34124,22024,78825,382
IEA (sectoral approach)20,98921,14321,07421,17021,30121,85122,42322,66622,77822,92823,75923,980
IEA (reference approach)21,54621,48821,36321,52621,62422,11222,63722,83722,85723,29723,98224,192
BP22,60622,57422,66522,66622,95023,46424,09024,35924,39324,72325,38225,597
EDGAR (EC JRC & PBL)22,66722,69022,58422,79622,95023,61924,21924,39024,58924,79725,36125,449
US EIA21,52321,43221,34721,50221,64922,01022,50823,04423,14623,45924,15024,244


20022003200420052006200720082009201020112012
GCP25,63527,17428,60629,65430,66931,38732,18332,02533,59034,66335,420
IEA (sectoral approach)24,35925,43926,62827,50128,33229,26829,47828,96630,50931,342

IEA (reference approach)24,68125,76427,18827,96528,84829,59129,95129,72931,54532,332

BP26,06827,25428,60329,45330,32031,19731,54031,10032,84033,74334,466
EDGAR (EC JRC & PBL)26,06627,18728,55229,34630,34531,41031,96231,57432,99233,98634,453
US EIA24,92525,98927,13428,26229,02929,73330,25630,23631,50232,579

Note: Original carbon contents of CO2 emissions in the GCP estimates were multiplied by a conversion factor (= 44.0095/12.0107) to make CO2-equivalent numbers.

References:
Global Carbon ProjectLe Quéré, C., Peters, G. P., Andres, R. J., Andrew, R. M., Boden, T., Ciais, P., . . . Yue, C. (2013). Global Carbon Budget 2013. Earth System Science Data Discussions6(2), 689-760. [Full-text at http://j.mp/GCP2013; Data at http://j.mp/GCP2013Data]
International Energy AgencyIEA. (2013). CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion 2013: Highlights. Paris, France: IEA Publications. [Full-text at http://j.mp/IEA2013; Data at http://j.mp/IEA2013Data]
BPBP. (2013). BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2013. London, UK: BP, plc. [Full-text at http://j.mp/BP2013Text; Data at http://j.mp/BP2013Data]
Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EC JRC & PBL)Olivier, J. G. J., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Muntean, M., & Peters, J. A. H. W. (2013). Trends in Global CO2 Emissions: 2013 Report. The Hague, The Netherlands: PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. [Full-text at http://j.mp/EDGAR2013; Data at http://j.mp/EDGAR2013Data]
U.S. Energy Information AdministrationUS EIA. (2013). Total Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the Consumption of Energy. In US EIA, International Energy Statistics. Washington, DC: U.S. Energy Information Administration. [Data at http://j.mp/EIA2013Data]

Thursday, September 19, 2013

On the 60% Larger Arctic Ice Cap Year-Over-Year and on the Recent Global Warming Hiatus

I am not an atmospheric scientist. But I thought I could introduce some explanations about the recent measurements that are seemingly contradictory to the IPCC reports (AR4 and upcoming AR5).

First, does this year's Arctic ice cap that is reportedly 60% larger than the last year's mean climate is cooling? Not so. It is just a symptom of the so-called 'regression toward the mean' bias.
Let's look at the measurement data. The 60% increase in 2013 is just due to the record-contraction of the Arctic ice cap in 2012 (Meier, 2012). The downward trend is still valid.

Source: National Snow & Ice Data Center.

Second, does the hiatus of global warming since 1998 mean that the IPCC's forecasts are outright wrong? Not so. Their models were found wrong in that they couldn't predict the anomaly (How much the models were wrong can be found at Fyfe et al., (2013)). However, the overall global warming is happening exactly as the IPCC has been telling the world.
A Nature paper published today (Kosaka & Xie, 2013) clarifies what is really happening on the Earth. If their analysis is correct (Their explanation corresponds to 97% of temperature changes during 1970-2012.), the former climate models underestimated the natural variation known as "La-Niña-like decadal cooling." Their conclusion is,
"Although similar decadal hiatus events may occur in the future, the multi-decadal warming trend is very likely to continue with greenhouse gas increase."
(The IPCC report use the term "very likely" when the probability of a predicted outcome is greater than 90%.)
I think this study is a good answer to the so-called confusion between the short-term noise and the long-term change.


References:

Fyfe, J. C., Gillett, N. P., & Zwiers, F. W. (2013). Overestimated global warming over the past 20 years. Nature Climate Change, 3(9), 767-769. [Full-text at http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1972]

Kosaka, Y., & Xie, S.-P. (2013). Recent global-warming hiatus tied to equatorial Pacific surface cooling. Nature, 501, 403-407. [Full-text at http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature12534] (If you don't have a permission to read this article, just open the following link. http://www.seas.harvard.edu/climate/seminars/pdfs/Kosaka_Nature_2013.pdf)

Meier, W. (2012). Record Low Arctic Sea Ice Extent in 2012: An exclamation point on a long-term declining trend [PowerPoint slides]. Boulder, CO: National Snow & Ice Data Center. [Slides at http://j.mp/Meier_NOAA]

Wednesday, September 18, 2013

Temporal Changes in the Spatial Distribution of Global CO2 Emissions, 1970-2008

Please watch in HD 720p (and in full-screen mode) for a clearer video.

Source: Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR; http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/)

Friday, September 13, 2013

Three Recent Reports on Water-Energy Nexus in the United States

Almost three years ago, I wrote a post about 'water consumption in electricity generation using different technologies' (http://j.mp/Water_Power_Nexus). However, indeed, I didn't have to collect those data. Two very good papers on the topic had been published by researchers from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
(Paper 1: Macknick, J., Newmark, R., Heath, G., & Hallett, K. C. (2012). Operational water consumption and withdrawal factors for electricity generating technologies: a review of existing literature. Environmental Research Letters, 7(4), 045802. [Full-text at http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/045802]
Paper 2: Meldrum, J., Nettles-Anderson, S., Heath, G., & Macknick, J. (2013). Life cycle water use for electricity generation: a review and harmonization of literature estimates. Environmental Research Letters, 8(1), 015031. [Full-text at http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/015031])

Nowadays, the nexus between energy and water seems to have become an even more popular topic in the United States. Over the past two months, three notable U.S. institutions published lengthy reports on the issue. The reports are:

Rogers, J., Averyt, K., Clemmer, S., Davis, M., Flores-Lopez, F., Frumhoff, P., Kenney, D., Macknick, J., Madden, N., Meldrum, J., Overpeck, J., Sattler, S., Spanger-Siegfried, E., & Yates. D. (2013). Water-Smart Power: Strengthening the U.S. Electricity System in a Warming World. Cambridge, MA: Union of Concerned Scientists. [Full-text at http://j.mp/Water-Energy-UCS]

Water in the West. (2013). Water and Energy Nexus: A Literature Review. Stanford, CA: Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment and the Bill Lane Center for the American West. [Full-text at http://j.mp/Water-Energy-Stanford]

Whited, M., Ackerman, F., & Jackson, S. (2013). Water Constraints on Energy Production: Altering our Current Collision Course. Newton, MA: Civil Society Institute. [Full-text at http://j.mp/Water-Energy-CSI]


Sunday, August 25, 2013

Desirable Per Capita GHG Emissions and Current Per Capita CO2 & GHG Emissions by Country

According to the IPCC's 'RCP 2.6' scenario for their Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) that meets the long term target of limiting the global mean temperature rise to 2 degrees Celsius (or 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) above the pre-industrial age level (Girod et al., 2013): 
(1) in 2050, the greenhouse gas emissions per capita have to be about 2.1 metric tons of CO2 equivalent among all the countries; and 
(2) at the end of the 21st century, the GHG emissions will have to be negative.

The following table contains country rankings by current (in 2010) CO2 emissions per capita and greenhouse gas emissions per capita. CO2 is just one element of UNFCCC-designated seven greenhouse gases (CO2, N2O, CH4, HFCs, PFCs, SF6, & NF3). Because the per capita GHG emissions are always greater than the CO2 emissions, reducing the per capita GHG emissions level down to 2.1 tonnes of CO2 per year by 2050 seems very difficult. For example, El Salvador emitted about 2.1 tonnes of GHGs per capita in 1994.

Country Rankings by CO2 and GHG Emissions Per Capita

Unit: tonnes of CO2-equivalent
RankCO2 emissions per capita (in 2010)
Greenhouse gas emissions per capita
CountryCO2
CountryGHGLatest year available
1QATAR40.086
Niue (see Note)2,053.950(1994)
2TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO37.741
Jamaica47.582(1994)
3KUWAIT34.224
United Arab Emirates40.096(2000)
4NETHERLAND ANTILLES23.524
Bahrain34.901(1994)
5BRUNEI (DARUSSALAM)22.938
Paraguay29.937(1994)
6UNITED ARAB EMIRATES22.278
Belize29.604(1994)
7ARUBA21.582
Australia26.076(2008)
8LUXEMBOURG21.326
Luxembourg25.996(2008)
9OMAN20.556
United States22.218(2008)
10BAHRAIN19.164
Canada22.082(2008)
11FALKLAND ISLANDS (MALVINAS)19.127
New Zealand17.650(2008)
12UNITED STATES OF AMERICA17.258
Grenada16.172(1994)
13SAUDI ARABIA16.892
Barbados15.890(1997)
14AUSTRALIA16.745
Kazakhstan15.840(2008)
15GIBRALTAR15.646
Russian Federation15.768(2008)
16NEW CALEDONIA15.609
Cote d'Ivoire15.693(2000)
17KAZAKHSTAN15.500
Iceland15.469(2008)
18CANADA14.657
Ireland15.199(2008)
19FAEROE ISLANDS14.620
Estonia15.099(2008)
20ESTONIA13.667
Czech Republic13.704(2008)
21MONTSERRAT12.935
Finland13.220(2008)
22RUSSIAN FEDERATION12.165
Trinidad and Tobago13.133(1990)
23REPUBLIC OF KOREA11.762
Turkmenistan12.771(1994)
24NORWAY11.689
Belgium12.582(2008)
25ST. PIERRE & MIQUELON11.689
Netherlands12.519(2008)
26FINLAND11.506
Cameroon12.105(1994)
27TAIWAN11.212
Denmark11.933(2008)
28GREENLAND11.066
Germany11.646(2008)
29NETHERLANDS10.956
Korea, Republic of11.624(2001)
30CZECH REPUBLIC10.626
Central African Republic11.613(1994)
31TURKMENISTAN10.516
Greece11.393(2008)
32CAYMAN ISLANDS10.480
Norway11.267(2008)
33PALAU10.480
Israel10.971(2005)
34BELGIUM10.150
Slovenia10.563(2008)
35ISRAEL9.527
Austria10.392(2008)
36LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYAH9.270
Poland10.381(2008)
37JAPAN9.234
United Kingdom10.317(2008)
38SOUTH AFRICA9.160
Saudi Arabia10.165(1990)
39GERMANY9.051
Japan10.070(2008)
40IRELAND8.941
Korea, Dem. People's Rep.10.024(1990)
41NAURU8.391
Bulgaria9.672(2008)
42DENMARK8.354
Belarus9.414(2008)
43BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINA8.281
South Africa9.378(1994)
44POLAND8.281
Ukraine9.302(2008)
45SEYCHELLES8.135
Spain9.121(2008)
46AUSTRIA7.951
Italy9.085(2008)
47UNITED KINGDOM7.915
Slovakia9.043(2008)
48ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN7.731
Uruguay8.953(2000)
49GREECE7.622
France8.573(2008)
50MALAYSIA7.622
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)8.026(1999)
51SLOVENIA7.548
Singapore7.958(1994)
52BERMUDA7.328
Bahamas7.957(1994)
53NEW ZEALAND7.218
Swaziland7.947(1994)
54BAHAMAS7.182
San Marino7.666(2007)
55CYPRUS6.962
Argentina7.634(2000)
56VENEZUELA6.962
Uzbekistan7.593(2005)
57ITALY (INCLUDING SAN MARINO)6.705
Liechtenstein7.392(2008)
58UKRAINE6.705
Portugal7.341(2008)
59EQUATORIAL GUINEA6.669
Lithuania7.325(2008)
60SLOVAKIA6.596
Hungary7.305(2008)
61BELARUS6.486
Malta7.245(2008)
62MALTA6.192
Armenia7.141(1990)
63CHINA (MAINLAND)6.156
Switzerland7.058(2008)
64ANDORRA6.119
Croatia7.039(2008)
65ICELAND6.119
Sweden6.949(2008)
66BULGARIA5.973
Benin6.875(1995)
67SPAIN5.863
Suriname6.834(2003)
68ANTIGUA & BARBUDA5.789
Mongolia6.832(1998)
69FRANCE (INCLUDING MONACO)5.753
Romania6.831(2008)
70MARTINIQUE5.606
Malaysia6.807(1994)
71SWEDEN5.606
Iran (Islamic Republic of)6.295(1994)
72BARBADOS5.496
Antigua and Barbuda6.276(1990)
73MACEDONIA5.276
Gabon6.197(1994)
74REUNION5.167
Botswana6.149(1994)
75HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINSTRATIVE REGION OF CHINA5.130
Saint Lucia6.092(1994)
76HUNGARY5.057
The Former Yugoslav Rep. of Macedonia6.044(2002)
77BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS5.020
Azerbaijan5.617(1994)
78SWITZERLAND5.020
Mexico5.423(2002)
79AZERBAIJAN4.983
Latvia5.270(2008)
80PORTUGAL4.910
Turkey4.958(2008)
81LEBANON4.837
Bolivia4.847(2004)
82CROATIA4.727
Palau4.797(2000)
83ST. KITTS-NEVIS4.727
Lebanon4.628(1994)
84SERBIA4.654
Cook Islands4.344(1994)
85SURINAME4.544
Gambia4.234(1993)
86ARGENTINA4.470
Brazil4.164(1994)
87THAILAND4.250
Panama4.083(1994)
88TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS4.250
Guyana4.049(1998)
89CHILE4.214
Jordan3.998(2000)
90ANGUILLA4.177
Chile3.872(1994)
91MONGOLIA4.177
Saint Kitts and Nevis3.870(1994)
92NIUE4.177
Colombia3.840(1994)
93MONTENEGRO4.104
St. Vincent and the Grenadines3.802(1997)
94TURKEY4.104
Thailand3.761(1994)
95LITHUANIA4.067
Zambia3.701(1994)
96MEXICO3.921
Cuba3.669(1996)
97UZBEKISTAN3.811
Nauru3.642(1994)
98GUADELOUPE3.774
Namibia3.543(1994)
99ROMANIA3.664
Seychelles3.387(1995)
100IRAQ3.628
China3.386(1994)
101ALGERIA3.481
Samoa3.365(1994)
102COOK ISLANDS3.481
Algeria3.309(1994)
103CUBA3.408
Republic of Moldova3.161(2005)
104MALDIVES3.408
Ecuador2.994(1990)
105JORDAN3.371
Dominican Republic2.994(2000)
106LATVIA3.371
Monaco2.919(2008)
107FRENCH POLYNESIA3.261
Tunisia2.854(1994)
108MAURITIUS3.151
Costa Rica2.799(2005)
109FRENCH GUIANA3.041
Georgia2.770(2006)
110SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC3.041
Mauritania2.667(2000)
111DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE S REPUBLIC OF KOREA2.931
Bhutan2.517(1994)
112PANAMA2.748
Peru2.449(1994)
113SINGAPORE2.638
Zimbabwe2.400(1994)
114BOTSWANA2.602
Tonga2.364(1994)
115JAMAICA2.602
Micronesia, Federated States of2.325(1994)
116EGYPT2.528
Kyrgyzstan2.302(2005)
117GRENADA2.492
Nigeria2.252(1994)
118TUNISIA2.455
Dominica2.216(1994)
119SAINT LUCIA2.308
El Salvador2.071(1994)
120ECUADOR2.272
Uganda2.047(1994)
121GUYANA2.235
Egypt2.020(1990)
122SAINT HELENA2.235
Honduras1.937(1995)
123BRAZIL2.162
Fiji1.834(1994)
124DOMINICAN REPUBLIC2.125
Mauritius1.824(1995)
125WALLIS AND FUTUNA ISLANDS2.052
Vanuatu1.782(1994)
126DOMINICA1.979
Indonesia1.771(1994)
127PERU1.979
Sudan1.757(1995)
128URUGUAY1.979
Albania1.744(1994)
129MARSHALL ISLANDS1.942
Madagascar1.724(1994)
130MACAU SPECIAL ADMINSTRATIVE REGION OF CHINA1.905
Nicaragua1.679(1994)
131ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES1.905
Morocco1.672(1994)
132INDONESIA1.795
Guatemala1.655(1990)
133GABON1.722
Lao People's Dem. Rep.1.632(1990)
134VIET NAM1.722
Sri Lanka1.598(1995)
135COLOMBIA1.649
Guinea-Bissau1.490(1994)
136COSTA RICA1.649
Nepal1.479(1994)
137INDIA1.649
Philippines1.474(1994)
138ANGOLA1.576
United Rep. of Tanzania1.349(1994)
139MOROCCO1.576
India1.299(1994)
140PLURINATIONAL STATE OF BOLIVIA1.539
Togo1.279(1998)
141FIJI1.502
Pakistan1.261(1994)
142TONGA1.502
Niger1.235(2000)
143GEORGIA1.429
Chad1.198(1993)
144NAMIBIA1.392
Viet Nam1.178(1994)
145ARMENIA1.356
Tajikistan1.176(2003)
146BELIZE1.356
Cambodia1.154(1994)
147REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA1.356
Yemen1.151(1995)
148ALBANIA1.319
Senegal1.105(1995)
149KYRGYZSTAN1.209
Papua New Guinea1.093(1994)
150HONDURAS1.063
Lesotho1.072(1994)
151EL SALVADOR1.026
Comoros1.062(1994)
152FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA0.916
Mali0.908(1995)
153PAKISTAN0.916
Sao Tome and Principe0.902(1998)
154YEMEN0.916
Ethiopia0.838(1995)
155PHILIPPINES0.879
Solomon Islands0.837(1994)
156SAMOA0.879
Djibouti0.837(1994)
157SWAZILAND0.879
Dem. Rep. of the Congo0.827(2003)
158GUATEMALA0.769
Kenya0.804(1994)
159NICARAGUA0.769
Ghana0.742(1996)
160PARAGUAY0.769
Cape Verde0.736(1995)
161CAPE VERDE0.733
Malawi0.708(1994)
162ZIMBABWE0.733
Guinea0.700(1994)
163BHUTAN0.660
Congo0.680(2000)
164KIRIBATI0.623
Haiti0.662(1994)
165MAURITANIA0.623
Maldives0.632(1994)
166SRI LANKA0.623
Tuvalu0.608(1994)
167BENIN0.586
Burkina Faso0.606(1994)
168DJIBOUTI0.586
Mozambique0.533(1994)
169OCCUPIED PALESTINIAN TERRITORY0.586
Kiribati0.367(1994)
170SAO TOME & PRINCIPE0.586
Bangladesh0.366(1994)
171SENEGAL0.550
Burundi0.316(1998)
172CONGO0.513
Rwanda0.279(2002)
173NIGERIA0.513
Eritrea0.207(2000)
174VANUATU0.476



175PAPUA NEW GUINEA0.440



176WESTERN SAHARA0.440



177TAJIKISTAN0.403



178BANGLADESH0.366



179GHANA0.366



180REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON0.366



181SOLOMON ISLANDS0.366



182SUDAN0.330



183CAMBODIA0.293



184COTE D IVOIRE0.293



185KENYA0.293



186LAO PEOPLE S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC0.293



187AFGHANISTAN0.256



188GAMBIA0.256



189TOGO0.256



190HAITI0.220



191COMOROS0.183



192LIBERIA0.183



193MYANMAR (FORMERLY BURMA)0.183



194ZAMBIA0.183



195GUINEA BISSAU0.147



196TIMOR-LESTE (FORMERLY EAST TIMOR)0.147



197UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA0.147



198BURKINA FASO0.110



199ERITREA0.110



200GUINEA0.110



201MADAGASCAR0.110



202MOZAMBIQUE0.110



203NEPAL0.110



204SIERRA LEONE0.110



205UGANDA0.110



206CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC0.073



207ETHIOPIA0.073



208MALAWI0.073



209NIGER0.073



210RWANDA0.073



211SOMALIA0.073



212BURUNDI0.037



213CHAD0.037



214DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO (FORMERLY ZAIRE)0.037



215MALI0.037



216LESOTHO0.000



Note:
On 'Niue' (Explanation from the GHG gas data source): 1994 is considered as an uncharacteristically high in terms of GHG emissions. It was mainly influenced by large-scale extension of Niue's international airport runway, and the major construction and sealing of roads (230 km). The high per capita figure is also due to a very small population base.
Sources:

CO2 data: Boden, T., Marland, G., Andres, B., & Marland, G. (2013). National CO2 Emissions from Fossil-Fuel Burning, Cement Manufacture, and Gas Flaring: 1751-2010. Oak Ridge, TN: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center. [Data at http://dx.doi.org/10.3334/CDIAC/00001_V2013]

Greenhouse gas data: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/environment/air_greenhouse_emissions.htm

IPCC scenarios: Girod, B., van Vuuren, D. P., & Hertwich, E. G. (2013). Global climate targets and future consumption level: an evaluation of the required GHG intensity. Environmental Research Letters, 8(1), 014016. [Full-text at http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/014016]